A class must be declared abstract when it has one or more abstract methods. A method is declared abstract when it has a method heading, but no body – which means that an abstract method has no implementation code inside curly braces like normal methods do.
When to use abstract methods in Java?
Why you would want to declare a method as abstract is best illustrated by an example. Take a look at the code below:
/* the Figure class must be declared as abstract
because it contains an abstract method */
public abstract class Figure
{
/* because this is an abstract method the
body will be blank */
public abstract float getArea();
}
public class Circle extends Figure
{
private float radius;
public float getArea()
{
return (3.14 * (radius * 2));
}
}
public class Rectangle extends Figure
{
private float length, width;
public float getArea(Figure other)
{
return length * width;
}
}
In the Figure class above, we have an abstract method called getArea(), and because the Figure class contains an abstract method the entire Figure class itself must be declared abstract. The Figure base class has two classes which derive from it – called Circle and Rectangle. Both the Circle and Rectangle classes provide definitions for the getArea method, as you can see in the code above.
But the real question is why did we declare the getArea method to be abstract in the Figure class? Well, what does the getArea method do? It returns the area of a specific shape. But, because the Figure class isn’t a specific shape (like a Circle or a Rectangle), there’s really no definition we can give the getArea method inside the Figure class. That’s why we declare the method and the Figure class to be abstract. Any classes that derive from the Figure class basically has 2 options: 1. The derived class must provide a definition for the getArea method OR 2. The derived class must be declared abstract itself.
A non abstract class is called a concrete class
You should also know that any non abstract class is called a concrete class. Knowing your terminology defintely pays off in an interview.
Now that we’ve explored the abstract method/class concepts, let’s get into the concept of interfaces and how they differ from abstract classes.
Java interface versus abstract class
An interface differs from an abstract class because an interface is not a class. An interface is essentially a type that can be satisfied by any class that implements the interface.
Any class that implements an interface must satisfy 2 conditions:
- It must have the phrase "implements Interface_Name" at the beginning of the class definiton.
- It must implement all of the method headings listed in the interface definition.
This is what an interface called "Dog" would look like:
public interface Dog
{
public boolean Barks();
public boolean isGoldenRetriever();
}
Now, if a class were to implement this interface, this is what it would look like:
public class SomeClass implements Dog
{
public boolean Barks{
// method definition here
}
public boolean isGoldenRetriever{
// method definition here
}
}
Now that we know the basics of interfaces and abstract classes, let’s get to the heart of the question and explore the differences between the two. Here are the three major differences:
Abstract classes and inheritance
1. Abstract classes are meant to beinherited from, and when one class inherits from another it means that there is a strong relationship between the 2 classes. For instance, if we have an abstract base class called "Canine", any deriving classshould be an animal that belongs to the Canine family (like a Dog or a Wolf). The reason we use the word "should" is because it is up to the Java developer to ensure that relationship is maintained.
With an interface on the other hand, the relationship between the interface itself and the class implementing the interface is not necessarily strong. For example, if we have a class called "House", that class could also implement an interface called "AirConditioning". Having air conditioning not really an essential part of a House (although some may argue that point), and the relationship is not as strong as, say, the relationship between a “TownHouse” class and the "House" class or the relationship between an “Apartment” class that derives from a “House” class.
Because a TownHouse is a type of House, that relationship is very strong, and would be more appropriately defined through inheritance instead of interfaces.
So, we can summarize this first point by saying that an abstract class would be more appropriate when there is a strong relationship between the abstract class and the classes that will derive from it. Again, this is because an abstract class is very closely linked to inheritance, which implies a strong relationship. But, with interfaces there need not be a strong relationship between the interface and the classes that implement the interface.
Interfaces are a good substitute for multiple inheritance
2. Java does not allow multiple inheritance – see the discussion on Java Multiple Inheritance if you need a refresher on this. In Java, a class can only derive from one class, whether it’s abstract or not. However, a class can implement multiple interfaces – which could be considered as an alternative to for multiple inheritance. So, one major difference is that a Java class can inherit from only one abstract class, but can implement multiple interfaces.
Abstract classes can have some implementation code
3. An abstract class may provide some methods with definitions – so an abstract class can have non-abstract methods with actual implementation details. An abstract class can also have constructors and instance variables as well. An interface, however, can not provide any method definitions – it can only provide method headings. Any class that implements the interface is responsible for providing the method definition/implementation.
When to use abstract class and interface in Java
Here are some guidelines on when to use an abstract class and when to use interfaces in Java:
- An abstract class is good if you think you will plan on using inheritance since it provides a common base class implementation to derived classes.
- An abstract class is also good if you want to be able to declare non-public members. In an interface, all methods must be public.
- If you think you will need to add methods in the future, then an abstract class is a better choice. Because if you add new method headings to an interface, then all of the classes that already implement that interface will have to be changed to implement the new methods. That can be quite a hassle.
- Interfaces are a good choice when you think that the API will not change for a while.
- Interfaces are also good when you want to have something similar to multiple inheritance, since you can implement multiple interfaces.
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